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wolf attacks on humans
Although wolf attacks do occur, their frequency varies with geographical location and historical period. Gray wolf attacks are dangerous not only for the victims, but also the wolves, who are often subsequently killed, or even extirpated in reaction. As a result, wolves today tend to live mostly far from people or have developed the tendency and ability to avoid them. The country with the most extensive historical records is France, where nearly 7,600 fatal attacks were documented from 1200–1920.〔 Moriceau, Jean-Marc (2013), ''Sur les pas du loup: Tour de France et atlas historiques et culturels du loup, du moyen âge à nos jours'' (the trail of the wolf: a tour of France and a historical and cultural atlas of the wolf, from the Middle Ages to modern times ), Paris, Montbel, ISBN 978-2-35653-067-7〕 In modern times, they occur most often in India and neighboring countries. There are few historical records or modern cases of wolf attacks in North America. In the half-century up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, three in North America, and more than 200 in south Asia. Experts categorize wolf attacks into various types, including rabies-infected, predatory, agonistic, and defensive.
==Wolves and wolf-human interactions==
The gray wolf is the largest wild member of the canid family, with males averaging , and females . It is the most specialized member of its genus in the direction of carnivory and hunting large game. Although they primarily target ungulates, wolves are at times versatile in their diet; for example, those in the Mediterranean region largely subsist on garbage and domestic animals. They have powerful jaws and teeth and powerful bodies capable of great endurance, and often run in large packs. Nevertheless, they tend to fear and avoid human beings, especially in North America.〔Mech, L. D.(1990) Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?, ''Audubon'', March. (Reprinted in ''International Wolf'' 2(3):3-7.)〕 Wolves vary in temperament and their reaction to humans. Those with little prior experience with humans, and those positively conditioned through feeding, may lack fear. Wolves living in open areas, for example the North American Great Plains, historically showed little fear before the advent of firearms in the 19th Century, and would follow human hunters to feed on their kills, particularly bison. In contrast, forest-dwelling wolves in North America were noted for shyness.〔 Wolf biologist L. David Mech hypothesized in 1998 that wolves generally avoid humans because of fear instilled by hunting.〔Mech, L. D. (1998), "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" -- Revisited. ''International Wolf'' 8(1): 8-11.〕 Mech also noted that humans' upright posture is unlike wolves' other prey, and similar to some postures of bears, which wolves usually avoid.〔 Mech speculated that attacks are preceded by habituation to humans, while a successful outcome for the wolf may lead to repeated behavior, as documented especially in India.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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